What is propolis and how do bees produce it? Discover the Power of Bee Glue

Propolis, often referred to as "bee glue," is a natural resinous substance produced by honeybees through the collection of plant resins mixed with beeswax and secretions. Bees use it to seal and protect their hives, thanks to its antimicrobial and structural properties. The production involves forager bees gathering resin from trees like poplar and birch, which is then processed and combined with other materials to form propolis. This versatile substance serves multiple roles in the hive, including sealing gaps, embalming intruders, and disinfecting surfaces. Its composition is rich in balsams, waxes, essential oils, and bioactive compounds, making it valuable both for bees and human applications.

Key Points Explained:

1. What is Propolis?

   • Propolis is a sticky, resinous substance made by honeybees, combining plant resins, beeswax, and bee secretions.
   • It appears greenish-brown and is used as a structural and protective material in hives.
   • Its name, "bee glue," reflects its adhesive and sealing properties.

2. How Do Bees Produce Propolis?

   • Resin Collection: Forager bees gather sticky resins from trees like poplar, birch, and conifers. These resins are naturally secreted by trees to protect against pests and infections.
   • Transportation: Bees carry the resin on their hind legs, similar to pollen collection, and bring it back to the hive.
   • Processing: Worker bees mix the resin with beeswax and enzymes from their salivary glands to create propolis.
   • Application: Bees use propolis to seal cracks, smooth surfaces, and embalm dead intruders to prevent decay.

3. Composition of Propolis

   • Approximately 50% balsams (resins), 30% waxes, 10% essential oils, and 5% pollen, with traces of amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.
   • The exact composition varies based on the plant sources and geographic location.

4. Functions in the Hive

   • Structural Use: Seals gaps and reinforces hive walls, maintaining hive integrity.
   • Antimicrobial Protection: Acts as a natural disinfectant, inhibiting bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
   • Embalming: Prevents decomposition of dead hive invaders (e.g., insects or small animals).

5. Human Use and Harvesting

   • Beekeepers use propolis traps—grid-like devices placed in hives—to encourage bees to deposit propolis, which is later scraped off.
   • Propolis is valued in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and supplements for its bioactive properties.

6. Why Do Trees Produce Resins?

   • Trees secrete resins to heal wounds and defend against pathogens and herbivores. Bees repurpose this natural defense mechanism for hive protection.

Propolis exemplifies the symbiotic relationship between bees and plants, showcasing how bees harness natural resources to create a multifunctional material essential for hive health. Its unique properties continue to inspire applications in human health and technology.

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