The key to adding new foundation is to synchronize the introduction of new space with your colony's peak resource collection and biological need for expansion. You should only add frames with new foundation to a rapidly growing colony—such as a new package, a captured swarm, or a recent split—or to a strong, established colony during a major nectar flow. Providing it at any other time is often counterproductive.
Adding new foundation is not simply about giving bees more room; it's about providing that room precisely when they have the resources and workforce to build it out. Without a surplus of nectar and a drive to expand, bees will ignore new foundation, leaving it vulnerable to pests.
The Principle: Wax Production is Expensive
What is "Drawing Comb"?
"Drawing comb" is the process where honey bees build out the hexagonal wax cells on a sheet of foundation. They use this new comb to raise brood and to store pollen and honey.
This is not a simple construction project. Bees must consume large amounts of nectar to fuel the specialized wax glands on their abdomens, which secrete the tiny flakes of wax they use to build.
The Nectar-to-Wax Equation
Producing beeswax is one of the most energy-intensive tasks a bee can perform. It is estimated that bees must consume roughly 8 pounds of honey to produce just 1 pound of beeswax.
Because of this high metabolic cost, bees will only engage in large-scale comb construction when they are overwhelmed with incoming nectar and have a strong, healthy population to do the work.
Prime Time: Identifying the Nectar Flow
What is a Nectar Flow?
A nectar flow is a period when local flora is producing so much nectar that the bees can collect it in surplus, far beyond their daily consumption needs. This is the primary trigger for drawing out new foundation in an established hive.
Signs of a Strong Nectar Flow
Your bees will show you when the time is right. Look for these clear indicators:
- Whitening of Comb: You will see fresh, bright white wax being added to the tops of existing frames.
- High Activity: The hive entrance will be exceptionally busy with foragers coming and going.
- Hive Weight: The hive will gain weight rapidly, which you can feel by gently lifting the back of the hive.
- Nectar Scent: You may notice a sweet, "ripe" smell of nectar being cured into honey near the hive.
When Population is the Priority
Even during a nectar flow, a weak or small colony will not draw comb. They lack the workforce and will prioritize using incoming resources for immediate survival and brood rearing, not for expansion.
Common Scenarios for Adding Foundation
For New or Rapidly Growing Colonies
New colonies, such as a package, swarm, or split, are in a state of rapid expansion. They have a powerful biological instinct to build their home as quickly as possible.
In these situations, the bees are primed to draw comb and should be given foundation immediately to support their urgent need to establish a nest.
For Established Colonies
An established colony operates on a different logic. They will only expand when they are running out of space and have the resources to do so.
The rule of thumb is to add a new box with foundation (a super) when the bees have drawn out and are using 7 or 8 of the 10 frames in their current uppermost box. This signals they are becoming crowded and need more room.
Understanding the Risks and Trade-offs
The Danger of Adding Foundation Too Early
If you add foundation when there is no nectar flow, the bees will simply ignore it. This empty, undefended space creates a significant problem.
This "dead space" is an open invitation for pests like wax moths and small hive beetles to move in, lay eggs, and establish an infestation that can damage or destroy the colony.
The Consequence of Adding Foundation Too Late
If you wait too long to add space during a strong nectar flow, the bees will run out of room for incoming nectar and for the queen to lay eggs. This condition is known as being honey-bound.
A crowded, honey-bound colony is the primary trigger for swarming. By failing to provide space, you may encourage your bees to leave.
The Importance of Correct Placement
Never place a new frame of foundation on the outside edges of the box (positions 1 or 10). Bees build from the center outwards.
For best results, place the new frame between two fully drawn-out frames. This positioning, known as "checkerboarding," encourages the bees to work on the new foundation to connect the existing comb.
Making the Right Choice for Your Hive
Assess your colony's specific condition and the environmental resources available to determine your next move.
- If you have a new package, swarm, or split: Provide foundation immediately, as these colonies are biologically programmed to build their nest.
- If you have an established colony and see clear signs of a nectar flow: Add new foundation once the bees have drawn out 70-80% of the frames in their current box.
- If your colony is weak or there is no nectar flow: Do not add foundation; the new space will become a liability and attract pests.
By aligning your management with the bees' natural instincts and resources, you will guide their growth efficiently and ensure a healthy, productive hive.
Summary Table:
| Scenario | When to Add Foundation | Key Indicator |
|---|---|---|
| New Colony (Package, Swarm, Split) | Immediately | Strong instinct to build a new nest. |
| Established Colony | During a strong nectar flow | 70-80% of frames in the current box are drawn out. |
| Weak Colony / No Nectar Flow | Do Not Add | Lack of resources and workforce; risks pest infestation. |
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