A tub-shaped top-bar hive is a traditional beekeeping vessel, most famously exemplified by the historical Greek hive used in regions like Crete as early as the 17th century. Unlike modern wooden box hives, these are typically constructed from natural materials like clay, stone, or wicker and are designed to be compact and portable.
The Core Takeaway The tub-shaped top-bar hive is significant because it proves that movable-comb beekeeping predates modern industrial hives by centuries. Its design prioritizes the ability to easily merge, split, and transport colonies rather than maximizing stationary honey production.
The Historical Greek Design
The primary example of a tub-shaped hive is the Greek hive. This design is distinct from the long, horizontal "trough" hives (like the Kenyan Top-Bar Hive) often seen today.
Traditional Materials
Historical records indicate these hives were crafted from locally available resources. You will find them constructed from:
- Wicker: Woven baskets, often coated to be weather-resistant.
- Clay: Pottery vessels, providing excellent thermal mass.
- Stone: Durable, stationary versions found in specific regions.
Portability and Management
These hives were specifically designed to be small enough for transport. This portability facilitated a unique management style where beekeepers would frequently merge and split colonies. By moving the "tubs," beekeepers could manage population density and optimize for seasonal flows in a way that large, fixed structures do not allow.
The Mechanics of the Top Bar
While the "tub" refers to the container's shape, the "top bar" refers to the internal mechanism that makes the hive manageable.
The Movable Comb Principle
In this system, bees build their comb hanging down from wooden bars placed across the open top of the tub. Because the bees attach the comb only to the bar (and not the side walls), the beekeeper can lift individual combs out for inspection without cutting them free.
Bar Dimensions and Spacing
For this system to work, the bars must mimic the natural spacing bees prefer.
- Width: The bars are typically 1 3/8 inches (approx. 35 mm) wide. This specific dimension encourages bees to build exactly one comb per bar.
- Comb Guides: To ensure bees build straight, the underside of the bar usually features a "spline," ridge, or groove coated in beeswax. This acts as a starter strip for the colony.
- Ears: The bars often feature "ears" at the ends, which serve as the only contact points with the hive rim, minimizing the surface area where bees can glue the frame down with propolis.
Understanding the Trade-offs
While the tub-shaped hive offers historical significance and natural aesthetics, it presents specific challenges compared to modern rectangular hives.
Comb Stability
In any top-bar system, the comb is suspended solely from the top bar without a surrounding frame or wire reinforcement.
- Depth Limit: If the hive body is deeper than 12 inches (300 mm), the weight of a honey-filled comb can cause it to detach and collapse.
- Handling: You must handle these combs with extreme care, keeping them vertical at all times to prevent breakage.
Construction Complexity
Modern top-bar hives (like the Kenyan design) use sloped sides at specific angles (often 120 degrees) to prevent bees from attaching wax to the walls.
- Achieving these precise angles in a wicker or clay tub is more difficult than in a wooden trough.
- If the bees attach comb to the curved sides of the tub, the "movable" aspect of the hive is lost, and it essentially becomes a fixed-comb skep.
Making the Right Choice for Your Goal
Deciding to use a tub-shaped hive depends largely on whether you value historical authenticity over production efficiency.
- If your primary focus is historical reenactment or natural beekeeping: The tub-shaped hive is an excellent choice for mimicking 17th-century methods and utilizing natural materials like woven wicker or pottery.
- If your primary focus is ease of construction and management: You should opt for a modern horizontal top-bar hive (like the Kenyan Top-Bar Hive), which uses standard lumber and precise angles to ensure combs remain movable.
Ultimately, the tub-shaped hive is a testament to the ingenuity of early apiarists, proving that advanced colony management is possible with even the simplest of materials.
Summary Table:
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Historical Origin | 17th-century Greece (Crete) |
| Common Materials | Wicker, Clay, or Stone |
| Bar Width | 1 3/8 inches (approx. 35 mm) |
| Depth Limit | Maximum 12 inches (300 mm) for comb stability |
| Core Advantage | Portable; supports merging and splitting colonies |
| Key Mechanism | Top bars with guides to ensure movable combs |
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